Diffuse midline glioma with H3K27 alteration in adults: a clinicopathological analysis / 中华病理学杂志

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics, pathological diagnosis and prognosis of diffuse midline glioma (DMG) with H3K27 alteration in adults. Methods: Twenty cases of H3K27-altered adult DMG diagnosed in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were enrolled from 2017 to 2022. All cases were evaluated by clinical and imaging presentations, HE, immunohistochemical staining and molecular genetics; and the relevant literature was reviewed. Results: The ratio of male to female was 1∶1, and the median age was 53 years (range from 25 to 74 years); the tumors were located in the brainstem (3/20, 15%) and non-brainstem (17/20, 85%; three in thoracolumbar spinal cord and one in pineal region). The clinical manifestations were non-specific, mostly dizziness, headache, blurred vision, memory loss, low back pain, limb sensation and/or movement disorders, etc. Microscopically, the tumors showed infiltrative growth, with WHO grade 2 (3 cases), grade 3 (12 cases), and grade 4 (5 cases). The tumors showed astrocytoma-like and oligdendroglioma-like, pilocytic astrocytoma-like and epithelioid-like patterns. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for GFAP, Olig2 and H3K27M, and H3K27me3 expression was variably lost. ATRX expression was lost in four cases, p53 was strongly positive in 11 cases. Ki-67 index was about 5%-70%. Molecular genetics showed p. k27m mutation in exon 1 of H3F3A gene in 20 cases; BRAF mutation in two cases: V600E and L597Q mutation in one case each. Follow up intervals ranged from 1 to 58 months, and the survival time for brainstem (6.0 months) and non-brainstem (30.4 months) tumors was significantly different (P<0.05). Conclusions: DMG with H3K27 alteration is uncommonly found in adults, mostly occurs in non-brainstem, and can present in adults of all ages. Owing to the wide histomorphologic features, mainly astrocytic differentiation, routine detection of H3K27me3 in midline glioma is recommended. Molecular testing should be performed on any suspected cases to avoid missed diagnosis. Concomitant BRAF L597Q mutation and PPM1D mutation are novel findings. The overall prognosis of this tumor is poor, with tumors located in the brainstem showing worse outcome.

Identification of BRAF V600E mutation in odontogenic tumors by high-performance MALDI-TOF analysis / 国际口腔科学杂志·英文版

Odontogenic tumors are rare lesions with unknown etiopathogenesis. Most of them are benign, but local aggressiveness, infiltrative potential, and high recurrence rate characterize some entities. The MAP-kinase pathway activation can represent a primary critical event in odontogenic tumorigenesis. Especially, the BRAF V600E mutation has been involved in 80-90% of ameloblastic lesions, offering a biological rationale for developing new targeted therapies. The study aims to evaluate the BRAF V600E mutation in odontogenic lesions, comparing three different detection methods and focusing on the Sequenom MassARRAY System. 81 surgical samples of odontogenic lesions were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis, Sanger Sequencing, and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight mass spectrometry (Sequenom). The BRAF V600E mutation was revealed only in ameloblastoma samples. Moreover, the presence of BRAF V600E was significantly associated with the mandibular site (ρ = 0.627; P value <0.001) and the unicystic histotype (ρ = 0.299, P value <0.001). However, any significant difference of 10-years disease-free survival time was not revealed. Finally, Sequenom showed to be a 100% sensitive and 98.1% specific, suggesting its high-performance diagnostic accuracy. These results suggest the MAP-kinase pathway could contribute to ameloblastic tumorigenesis. Moreover, they could indicate the anatomical specificity of the driving mutations of mandibular ameloblastomas, providing a biological rational for developing new targeted therapies. Finally, the high diagnostic accuracy of Sequenom was confirmed.

Progress in the Treatment of Adult Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis --Review / 中国实验血液学杂志

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare proliferative disease dominated by the proliferation of Langerhans cells, which is inflammatory myeloid neoplasms. Its clinical manifestations are variable, occurring at any age and at any site, and it is rarer in adults than in children. The gold standard for diagnosis is histopathological biopsy. Due to the rarity of adult LCH and the heterogeneity of this disease, treatment of adult LCH should be developed according to the extent of the disease and risk stratification. With the discovery of MAPK, PI3K and c-KIT signaling pathway activation, especially BRAF V600E and MAP2K1 mutations, targeted therapy has become a hot spot for therapeutic research. Meanwhile, the discovery of high expression of M2-polarized macrophages and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) in LCH has provided an important basis for the immunotherapy. In this article, we will focus on reviewing the latest research progress in the treatment of adult LCH in recent years, and provide a reference for clinical research on the treatment of adult LCH patients.

Genes de predisposición al melanoma. Melanoma familiar / Melanoma predisposition genes: familial melanoma

El melanoma es un tumor que ha crecido en frecuencia y para el cual todavía no existe un tratamiento efectivo. En la génesis del melanoma participan factores externos, como la radiación ultravioleta (RUV), y factores genéticos. Si bien el estudio de los genes involucrados en el melanoma aun está en su inicio, se conocen en la actualidad múltiples mutaciones genéticas transmisibles que confieren a su portador mayor riesgo de desarrollar melanoma, tales como las del gen CDK-N2A, del receptor de la melanocortina 1 (MCR1) y las de los genes de la vía de las MAP kinasas, entre otras. Muchos de estos genes determinan la predisposición al melanoma familiar o al melanoma múltiple y aumentan la susceptibilidad a otros tumores no cutáneos. El conocimiento cada vez más exacto y complejo de la acción de cada gen en la génesis y en la progresión del melanoma permitirá en un futuro próximo la creación de tratamientos más eficaces y más específicos para cada paciente.

Cutaneous melanoma is an increasingly frequent tumor that, as yet,does not have a satisfactory treatment. Environmental risk factors such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and genetic factors as well, participate in its genesis. Although studies of the genes involved in melanoma are scarce, it is well known that multiple transmissible genetic mutations, such as CDKN2A gene, the melanocortin-receptor 1(MCR1) gene and the MAPK signaling pathway genes, among others,confer to their carrier greater risk of developing melanoma. Many of these genes determine the predisposition to familial or multiple melanoma and increase the susceptibility to noncutaneous tumors. The precise and more complex knowledge of the role of each gene in the genesis and progression of melanoma, will allow the development of more successful and specific treatments for each patient in thenear future.

Clinical prognosis in BRAF-mutated PTC

BRAF mutation has recently emerged as a potential prognostic marker for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) due to several studies suggesting that it may condition the development of tumors with aggressive behavior. A study of the phenotypes of thyroid follicular cell lines and transgenic mice characterized by targeted expression of BRAF mutation indicates that, at variance with RET/PTC rearrangement, it induces or facilitates genomic instability and higher invasiveness and eventually deeper tumor de-differentiation and more significant suppression of apoptosis. An analysis of differential gene expression of PTCs harboring BRAF mutation versus PTCs characterized by other genetic alterations shows an important impairment of the expression of genes related to intra-thyroidal iodine metabolism machinery, up-regulation of Glut-1 mRNA, methylation-induced gene silencing of tumor suppressor genes and up-regulation of pro-angiogenetic proteins such as VEGF. Correlation of BRAF mutation with PTC clinico-pathological features yields controversial results, with several studies showing the association with unfavourable clinico-pathological qualities, while others do not confirm the findings. This review will summarize the studies in favor of or in contrast with a role of BRAF mutation as a prognostic marker in PTC. We will also indicate what information we still need in order to routinely introduce this indicator in clinical practice.

Mutações no BRAF surgiram recentemente como potenciais marcadores prognósticos do carcinoma papílifero de tiróide (CPT) graças a vários estudos que sugerem que ele possa condicionar o desenvolvimento de tumores com comportamento agressivo. Um estudo do fenótipo das células de linhagem folicular de tiróide em camundongos transgênicos caracterizados pela expressão direcionada de mutações BRAF, indicam, à semelhança dos rearranjos RET/PTC, que ele induz ou facilita a instabilidade genômica, a alta invasividade e, por fim, uma profunda desdiferenciação tumoral com supressão mais significativa da apoptose. Uma análise da expressão gênica diferencial do CPT associado com mutações BRAF versus o CPT caracterizado por outras alterações gênicas mostra uma redução importante da expressão dos genes relacionados com a maquinaria do metabolismo do iodo intratiroideano, aumento da regulação do mRNA do Glut-1, silenciamento gênico induzido por metilação dos genes supressores tumorais e aumento da regulação das proteínas pró-angiogênicas, como a VEGF. A correlação da mutação BRAF com os achados clínico-patológicos do CPT mostra resultados controversos, com vários estudos indicando associação com parâmetros clínico-patológicos desfavoráveis e outros não confirmando esses achados. Esta revisão sumariza os estudos a favor ou não do papel da mutação BRAF como um marcador prognóstico no CPT. Indicaremos, também, quais informações são ainda necessárias para a introdução rotineira deste indicador na prática clínica.